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Thermodesulfobacteriota

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Thermodesulfobacteriota
Nitratidesulfovibrio vulgaris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Thermodesulfobacteriota
Garrity & Holt 2021[1]
Classes[3]
Synonyms[3]
  • Desulfobacterota Waite et al. 2020
  • "Ca. Dadabacteria" Hug et al. 2016
  • "Thermodesulfobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015
  • Thermodesulfobacteria Garrity and Holt 2002

The Thermodesulfobacteriota, or Desulfobacterota,[4] are a phylum of anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria. Many representatives are sulfate-reducing bacteria,[5] others can grow by disproportionation of various sulphur species,[6] reduction or iron,[7] or even use external surfaces as electron acceptors (exoelectrogens).[8] They have highly variable morphology: vibrio, rods, cocci,[4] as well as filamentous cable bacteria.[9] Individual members of Desulfobacterota are also studied for their bacterial nanowires[10] or syntrophic relationships.[11]

Phylogenetic tree of prokaryotes based on ribosomal proteins and RNA polymerase[12] Desulfobacterota are closely related to Pseudomonadota/Proteobacteria, Myxococcota, and Bdellovibrionota.

Taxonomy

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The bacterial phylum Desulfobacterota has been created by merging: 1) the well-established class Thermodesulfobacteria, 2) the proposed phylum Dadabacteria, and 3) various taxa separated from the abandoned non-monophyletic class "Deltaproteobacteria" alongside three other phyla: Myxococcota, Bdellovibrionota, and SAR324.[4]

Environment

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In contrast to their close relatives, the aerobic phyla Myxococcota and Bdellovibrionota, Desulfobacterota are predominantly anaerobic.[4] They likely retained their anaerobic lifestyle since before the Great Oxidation Event.[13]

Three closely related classes within Desulfobacterota: Thermodesulfobacteria, Dissulfuribacteria, and Desulfofervidia,[11] as well as the more distant Deferrisomatia, are exclusively thermophilic, while most members of other classes are mesophiles[4] or even psychrophiles.[14][15]

Metabolism

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Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) utilize sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in a respiratory-type metabolism, coupled to the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrogen. By reducing sulfate, many Desulfobacterota species substantially contribute to the sulfur cycle.[4]

Dissimilatory sulfate reduction

Microbial sulfur disproportionation (MSD) is a poorly known type of energy metabolism analogous to organic fermentation, where a single inorganic sulfur species of intermediate oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, resulting in production of sulfide and sulfate. In Desulfobacterota, MSD is often present in species that also perform sulfate reduction.[6]

Fe(III) minerals can be microbially reduced by Fe-reducing bacteria (FeRB) using a wide range of organic compounds or H2 as electron donors. FeRB are widespread across Bacteria. Among Desulfobacterota, they are represented e.g. by the genus Geobacter (Desulfuromonadia).[16]

Certain species of the families Geobacteraceae and Desulfuromonadaceae (Desulfuromonadia) are able to use external surfaces as electron acceptors to complete respiration.[8][17][18] Species of the genus Geobacter use bacterial nanowires to transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors such as Fe(III) oxides.[10]

Alternative Electron Transport Chain to move electrons to outer membrane of Geobacter Sulfurreducens

Certain species of the class Syntrophia use simple organic molecules as electron donors and grow only in the presence of H2/formate-utilizing partners (methanogens or Desulfovibrio) in syntrophic associations.[19]

The family Desulfobulbaceae contains two genera of cable bacteria: Ca. Electronema and Ca. Electrothrix. These filamentous bacteria conduct electricity across distances over 1 cm, which allows them to connect distant sources of electron donors and electron acceptors.[9]

Notable species

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Microscopy

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Phylogeny

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See also: Bacterial taxonomy

The phylogeny is based on phylogenomic analysis:

120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[28][29][30]

Waite et al. 2020[3]

Thermodesulfo
‑bacteriota


16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[31][32][33]

Desulfobacterota G
Syntrophorhabdia

Syntrophorhabdales

"Desulfuromonadota"
"Desulfatiglandia"

Desulfatiglandales

Desulfobaccia

Desulfobaccales

Dissulfuribacteria

Dissulfuribacterales

"Binatota"
"Binatia"

"Binatales"

(Desulfobacterota B)
"Deferrisomatota"
(Desulfobacterota C)
"Deferrimicrobiota"
"Deferrimicrobiia"

"Deferrimicrobiales"

(Desulfobacterota E)
Thermodesulfo
‑bacteriota
Desulfobacterota G
Syntrophorhabdia

Syntrophorhabdales

"Dadaibacteriota"
"Dadabacteria"

"Nemesobacterales"

(Desulfobacterota D)
"Acidulodesulfobacteriota"
"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"

"Acidulidesulfobacterales"
(SZUA-79)

See also

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Reference

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  2. ^ Gavriilidou, et al. (2023). "Candidatus Nemesobacterales is a sponge-specific clade of the candidate phylum Desulfobacterota adapted to a symbiotic lifestyle". The ISME Journal. 17 (11): 1808–1818. doi:10.1038/s41396-023-01484-z. PMC 10579324. PMID 37587369.
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