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Khwaja Ghulam Farid

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Khawaja Ghulam Farid
خواجہ غُلام فرید
Tomb of Ghulam Farid at Mithankot
Tomb of Ghulam Farid at Mithankot
Bornc. 1841/1845
Chachran, Bahawalpur, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died24 July 1901 (aged 56 or 60)
Chachran, Bahawalpur, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Resting placeMithankot, Punjab, Pakistan
Notable workDiwan-e-Farid
Manaqab-e-Mehboobia
Fawaid Faridia

Khawaja Ghulam Farid[a] (Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈxaːd͡ʒaː ɣʊlaːm fəɾiːd]); also romanized as Fareed; c. 1841/1845 – 24 July 1901) was a Punjabi Sufi poet and mystic[1] from the State of Bahawalpur in colonial Punjab. He belonged to the Chishti Order; and composed most of his work in the Riasti dialect[b] with infused Standard Punjabi.[1][7][8] His writing style is characterized by the integration of themes such as death, passionate worldly and spiritual love, and the grief associated with love.

Life

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He was born into a branch of the Koreja family who claimed descent from Umar (r. 634–644), the second Rashidun caliph through an early migrant to Sindh. The family was established as saints associated with the Suhrawardī Sufi order. Originally from Thatta, Sindh, the family seat later moved to Mithankot in the early 18th century on the invitation of a disciple and subsequently transferred their allegiance to the Chishtī order.[7][9] Khawaja Farid was born c. 1841/1845 at Chachran. Farid's father died when he was around eight years of age. He was then brought up by his elder brother, Khawaja Fakhr al-Dīn, and grew up to become a scholar and writer. He received a fine formal education at the royal palace of Ṣādiq Muḥammad IV, the Nawab of Bahawalpur. His brother Fakhr al-Dīn, who had brought him up after their parents' deaths, also died when Farid was 26 years old. Farid performed hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) in 1875, and then retired to the Cholistan Desert (also known as Rohi) for chilla (retreat) where he spent a total of eighteen years. He died at Chachran on 24 July, 1901, and was buried at Mithankot.[7]

Works

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His most significant works include:[7]

  • Dīwān-i Farīd
  • Manāqib-i maḥbūbiyya (Persian prose)
  • Fawāʾid-i Farīdiyya (Persian prose)

Legacy

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Punjabi: خواجہ غُلام فرید
  2. ^ now considered part of the Saraiki language because of a political movement espousing a separate regional identity which separated itself from the broader Punjabi ethnic identity; this was a result of a political movement, arising in 1962, to separate the Derawali, Multani and Riasti dialects from the Punjabi language, and to instead declare them to constitute a separate language for which the term Saraiki was adopted,[2][3][full citation needed][4] hitherto only used for a Sindhi dialect spoken in northern Sindh.[5][6]
  1. ^ a b Suvorova, Anna (22 July 2004). Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries. Routledge Sufi Series. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-1134-37005-4. Later on these assertions became the conventional tradition of the Sufi poetry that was summed up by the Punjabi poet-mystic Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1841–1901) in one of his kāfī:
  2. ^ "Key Findings Report - The Largest Digitization Exercise of South Asia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2024.
  3. ^ Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016: "Until recently it was considered a dialect of Panjabi."; Masica (1991, p. 443) defines Saraiki as a "new literary language"; see also Shackle (2003, pp. 585–86)
  4. ^ Nazir, Kahut (24 May 2009). "The origin and politics of the Seraiki movement". DAWN. p. 1. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  5. ^ Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics ; Volume 1. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. 2017. p. 433. ISBN 9783110393248. The five major dialects of Sindhi are Vicholi, Lari, Lasi, Thari, and Kachhi. Four dialects are spoken within the borders of Sindh itself. Siraiki, in Upper Sindh, is not to be confused with the Punjabi language of the same name. Vicholi, considered the standard dialect, is spoken in central Sindh, while Lari is the dialect in southern Sindh. Lasi is spoken on the western frontier of Sindh and in Balochistan. The Sindhi spoken in the Thar desert of the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan is called Thari. In Gujarat, Kachhi is spoken along the Rann of Kutch and in the Kathiawar peninsula.
  6. ^ Qadeer, Mohammad (22 November 2006). Pakistan – Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4. Punjab's diversity of dialects, Saraiki and Pothohari contrasting with the heartland Punjabi, was striking at the time of independence. Since then, the increased mobility of the population and the absorption of refugees from India have stimulated homogenizing tendencies both linguistically and ethnically. NWFP, although symbolically a Pashtoon is also a province of many ethnicities and languages, for example, Hindku-speaking people inhabit the Peshawar Valley and Hazara district, and Saraiki speakers are found in the Derajats.
  7. ^ a b c d Shackle, Christopher (2013). "Ghulām Farīd". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24430. ISSN 1873-9830.
  8. ^ Mir, Farina (2010). The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab. South Asia across the Disciplines. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.
  9. ^ Asghar, Muhammad (2016). The Sacred and the Secular: Aesthetics in Domestic Spaces of Pakistan/Punjab. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 92. ISBN 978-3-643-90836-0. This saint originally belonged to Thatta (Sindh), and is buried in Mithankot, a small town on the right bank of the river Indus. Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1841-1901) is the most famous Chishti Sufi saint in Pakistan and particularly revered in Southern Punjab where Seraiki language is spoken. He composed many mystical lyrics in the Seraiki language.
  10. ^ PAL announces National Literary Awards Academy of the Punjab in North America website, Published 10 August 2007, Retrieved 15 April 2020
  11. ^ Sumayia Asif (2 November 2015). "10 most visited shrines in Pakistan". The Express Tribune (newspaper). Retrieved 28 April 2022.

Sources

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